Evaporation, sensible and latent heat fluxes

The bulk formulas for evaporation and sensible and latent heat fluxes are given by

where is unitless (grams per gram) and

The transfer coefficients and are estimated using the Large and Pond (1982) formulation (see Appendix A), which gives

For reference, the neutral transfer coefficients are given by

Like the wind stress calculation, the heat fluxes and evaporation require a complete ship report for their calculation. The wind stress procedure is modified slightly: sensible (latent) heat fluxes are computed for all those reports in which and () are available. The remaining thermodynamic quantities are filled in with the analyzed monthly mean value for that grid point, if not available. Evaporation is calculated in a manner similar to latent heat flux. Evaporation is converted from units of m/s to mm/(3 hours) in order to match precipitation's units.